Preparation
The metal, often a large cast piece like a slab or billet, is prepared for rolling. In hot rolling, the metal is heated to a very high temperature (above its recrystallization point) to make it more malleable and easier to shape. In cold rolling, the metal is processed at or near room temperature.
Compression
The prepared metal is fed into the rolling mill. The gap between the rollers is set to be smaller than the thickness of the metal. As the metal passes through, the rollers exert high pressure, which compresses and reshapes it. The material's thickness is reduced, and its length increases.
Multiple Passes
To achieve the desired final shape and thickness, the metal often goes through several passes. A single rolling mill may have multiple stands of rollers, or the metal may be passed back and forth through a single set of rollers.
Finishing
After the final pass, the metal is cooled and may undergo further processes like coiling, cutting, or surface treatments to meet the final product specifications.
Core Technology of Rolling Mill
Automation and Control Systems
The modern rolling mill is a highly automated system. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems, along with advanced sensors and feedback loops, monitor and adjust parameters like roll pressure, speed, and temperature in real-time. This ensures consistent product quality, tight dimensional tolerances, and minimal waste.
Advanced Metallurgy and Materials
The rolls themselves are a major area of technological advancement. Modern rolls are made from specialized materials with improved properties like higher hardness and wear resistance. Surface coatings, such as chrome plating, are also used to extend roll life and enhance product quality.
Thermo-Mechanical Control Process (TMCP)
This technology, particularly in hot rolling, involves precisely controlling the rolling temperature and cooling rate. TMCP allows for the production of steel with specific microstructures and superior mechanical properties, such as high strength and ductility. A key application is the production of TMT (Thermo-Mechanically Treated) bars, which are essential for earthquake-resistant construction.
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